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Parkinson's law
Parkinson's law is the adage that "work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion", and the title of a book which made it well-known.
==History==
Articulated by Cyril Northcote Parkinson as part of the first sentence of a humorous essay published in ''The Economist'' in 1955 and since republished online, it was reprinted with other essays in the book ''Parkinson's Law: The Pursuit of Progress'' (London, John Murray, 1958). He derived the dictum from his extensive experience in the British Civil Service.
A current form of the law is not the one Parkinson refers to by that name in the article, but a mathematical equation describing the rate at which bureaucracies expand over time. Much of the essay is dedicated to a summary of purportedly scientific observations supporting the law, such as the increase in the number of employees at the Colonial Office while Great Britain's overseas empire declined (he shows that it had its greatest number of staff when it was folded into the Foreign Office because of a lack of colonies to administer). He explains this growth by two forces: (1) "An official wants to multiply subordinates, not rivals" and (2) "Officials make work for each other." He notes that the number employed in a bureaucracy rose by 5–7% per year "irrespective of any variation in the amount of work (if any) to be done".
In 1986, Alessandro Natta complained about the swelling bureaucracy in Italy. Mikhail Gorbachev responded that "Parkinson's law works everywhere".
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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